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Performance of Tswana Sheep under Semi-Intensive Management in Gaborone, Botswana
A.A. Aganga,L. Fabi
Research Journal of Animal Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: The study was conducted at Botswana College of Agriculture, Notwane-farm, Sebele, Gaborone for 150 days from June to October 2006. A flock of 60 Tswana sheep were used consisting of 30 males and 30 females. Fifteen of the males were castrates, 7 weaners and 8 lambs while the female group consisted of 15 ewes, 7 weaners and 8 lambs. Animals were weighed on monthly basis for five consecutive months, using Avery Walk-in Scale. The flock grazed daily for 8 h on a fenced natural pasture and were housed at night in kraals with corrugated roofing. Water was provided ad-libitum in kraals and feed supplements such as sorghum bran and salt lick were also provided. Lambs had access to lamb-finisher. The data collected were analyzed using the box-plot, between males and females. Linear multiple regression was used to analyze data within each age-group while Duncan s multiple range test was used to separate the means. The means of male and females were different at p< 0.05. In month 1, means body weights (kg) were 32.4±17.5 and 27.2±14.0 for males and females, respectively. Final body weight (kg) after 150 days were 36.5±13.7 and 27.8±8.10 for males and females, respectively. Generally, all sheep age-groups showed a significant increase in growth although July which is the second month of the study drastic decline in growth rate was observed which is one of the coldest winter month in Botswana. It can be concluded from the study that growth rates of different age-groups of Tswana sheep under semi-intensive management are different and also there is interaction between time and gender and time and type/age-group. The time of the year is amajor factor that influenced the growth rate of range grazed Tswana sheep.
Potentials of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) as Forage Crop in Livestock Production
A.A. Aganga,S. Tshwenyane
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition , 2004,
Abstract: Panicum maximum (guinea grass) is native to Africa but this grass was introduced to almost all tropical countries as a source of animal forage. It grows well on a wide variety of well drained soils of good fertility and it is suitable to stop soil erosion. It can survive quick moving fires which does not harm the underground roots and drought because of the deep, dense and fibrous root system. Guinea grass is a clump-forming perennial which grows best in warm frost free areas receiving more than 900 mm rainfall. Crude protein (CP) content of fresh guinea grass varied from 5.0 to 5.6% while guinea grass silage contains 5.0 to 5.5% CP. The digestibility (IVDOM) varied with the variety from 56.9% for Gatton to 87.7% for Vencidor. This paper reviews the potential of P. maximum as a forage for animal production in the tropics and Sub tropics.
Response of Tswana Goats to Mineral Supplementation under Intensive Management
A.A. Aganga,P. Kgwatalala
Journal of Biological Sciences , 2005,
Abstract: This study was conducted at the Botswana College of agriculture Content Farm in Gaborone for a period of 90 days. Three groups of 18 Tswana bucks in a group of six each, designated A, B, C of almost the same age and weight were used. Group A bucks were fed Dolichos lablab (as a supplement) and Veldt grass (as basal diet) at a ratio 60:40 and water at adlibitum. Group B were fed as Group A with an addition of common salt (Sodium Chloride- NaCl) and Group C were also fed as Group A with an addition of a mixture of Dicalcium phosphate and common salt at a ratio of 1:1. The water, veldt grass and dolichos lablab leftovers were weighed daily and the mineral supplements weighed every two days, then all the consumed ration was calculated. The bucks were weighed fortnightly. The results showed that mineral supplementation had influenced the production of Tswana bucks as there was an improved weight gains on goats fed mineral supplements.
Nutritive Value of Urea Molasses Block Containing Acacia Erubescens or Dichrostachys cineria as Natural Protein Sources
A.A. Aganga,C.B. Motshewa
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances , 2012,
Abstract: This study was aimed at developing Molasses-urea Blocks (MUB) for purposes of providing supplementary feeding that will supply crude protein and minerals to ruminant livestock during drought periods. In order to accomplish this, urea, molasses, sorghum bran, Acacia erubescens or Dichrostachys cineria as local browse trees in Botswana and dicalcium phosphate as a commercial mineral ingredient, salt and cement were used. Cement was used as a cold binder and roughages such as grass hay or Lucerne were also used in some MUB and their nutritional contents were compared to those containing browse plants. Dry matter, crude protein and mineral contents were analyzed using proximate analysis. All the 4 blocks hardened within 5-7 days and yielded dense blocks. MUB containing Acacia erubescens and Lucerne had higher nutrient contents than MUB containing Dichrostachys cineria and grass hay. All the macro mineral contents were within the normal range required for maintenance by grazing animals. Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and in vitro DM digestibility differed (p< 0.05) between MUB types evaluated. All the MUB had crude protein content varying from 11.83-26.58%. Average mineral content (%) of all MUB were 16.33, 9.35, 5.38, 1.09 and 0.27 for P, Ca, Mg, Na and K, respectively. Also some of the trace minerals Fe (%), Mn and Zn (ppm) had average values of 0.098, 0.018 and 0.002, respectively.
Responses of Tswana goats to various lengths of water deprivation
T. Adogla-Bessa, A.A. Aganga
South African Journal of Animal Science , 2000,
Abstract: The aim of this trial was to determine the water intake of Tswana goats and investigate the effects of short term water deprivation in summer or winter (6000 ml water offered either once every 72 h, 48 h, 24 h or ad libitum) on feed intake, dry matter digestibility, growth rate and health. Goats were fed a diet comprising 60% Cenchrus ciliaris hay and 40% Medicago sativa hay. Feed intake per kg metabolic weight was inversely related to water intake. Body weight gains decreased with longer watering intervals, rectal temperatures were unaffected but respiratory rate, packed cell volume, pulse rate, haemoglogin level and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was highest with the 72 h watering interval. Feed intake and daily weight gains were higher in winter than summer, but animals drank more water in summer than in winter, and showed more signs of dehydration in summer. Dry matter digestibilities (%) were 66.8, 66.7, 64.2 and 65.2 for water intake intervals of ad lib, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively; digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre followed the same trend. Urine output, faecal output per kg metabolic weight and faecal moisture content decreased with increased length of water deprivation. It was concluded that Tswana goats are well adapted to semi-arid zones and can be watered once in 72 h without severe dehydration. (South African Journal of Animal Science: 2000, 30(1): 87-91)
Milk production of Tswana goats fed diets containing different levels of energy
T. Adogla-Bessa, A.A. Aganga
South African Journal of Animal Science , 2000,
Abstract: The aim of this experiment was to characterize the milk yield of the Tswana goat of Botswana. Twenty-one Tswana goat does were allocated to one of three diets formulated to provide energy for maintenance and a milk yield of either 1.5 kg/d, 1.0 kg/d or 0.5 kg/d. Intake, milk yield and kid growth rate was monitored for 14 weeks. Dry matter intakes of up to 5% of body weight were recorded. Energy intake and milk yield differed between treatments (p < 0.01). Daily ME intake for the low, medium and high-energy diets was 1.01, 1.42 and 1.64 MJ ME/kg metabolic weight; the corresponding milk yields were 0.47, 0.53 and 0.72 kg/day. Kid birth weight ranged from 2.6 to 2.9 kg, and daily gains over the 14-week period were 95, 116 and 128 g/day for the low, medium and high energy diets respectively. Milk output accounted for 62% of the variation in kid growth rate. It was concluded that Tswana goats have the potential to respond to increasing levels of energy intake by increasing milk yield to relatively high levels. (South African Journal of Animal Science: 2000, 30(1): 77-81)
Mineral Contents of Browse Plants in Kweneng District in Botswana
A.A. Aganga,E.O. Mesho
Agricultural Journal , 2013,
Abstract: The mineral composition of 22 browse species (Acacia species (erubescens, fleckii, giraffae, karroo, mellifera and tortillis); Grewea species (bicolor, flava and flavascence); Boscia species (albutrunca and foetida); Peltophorum africanum, Combretum hereroscence, Ehretia rigida, Terminalia serecia, Ziziphus mucronata, Euclea undulata, Commiphora species, Ximania africanum, Ochna pulchra, Dichrostachys cineria and M. senegalensces) from Kweneng district was evaluated. Concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K and P varied among the species from 0.69-1.89, 0.24-0.66, 0.42-2.42, 0.41-3.03 and 0.03-0.40 g/100 g on dry matter basis, respectively. The browses contained low levels of most micro minerals. The grazing livestock in the area should be provided with mineral supplements due to the low levels of both macro and micro minerals in the browses in the sand veld of Kweneng districts.
Minerals in Soils and Forages Irrigated with Secondary Treated Sewage Water in Sebele, Botswana
A.A. Aganga,S. Machacha,B. Sebolai,T. Thema
Journal of Applied Sciences , 2005,
Abstract: Production of forage using treated sewage water is a viable practice internationally. However, there is not much information on the heavy metal content of such forages. This study was conducted to determine the effect of sewage water on soils and forages irrigated with treated sewage water at Botswana College of Agriculture `s farm. The study was conducted for a period of 120 days using established forage pastures of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). Heavy metals determined were Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cd. Generally the treated sewage water contained relatively low levels of heavy metals. Zn, Ni and Mn concentration were below the detectable levels. In the sewage water while soils and plants had low levels of heavy metals. Comparatively the soil and plants heavy metal levels were much higher than those in the water and the difference was significant (p<0.05). There was some low correlation between trace element contents in the water and soil. In addition there was some significant difference (p<0.05) in heavy metal concentration in sewage water between the months during which the analyses were done. However, the sewage water, soils and forage mineral concentrations were within the internationally allowable heavy metal concentration with respect to irrigation, soil loadings and animal feeds.
Diets and Forage Preference of Communally Grazed Range Goats in an Acacia Bush Savanna in Southeast Botswana
U.J. Omphile,A.A. Aganga,B. Malamba
Journal of Biological Sciences , 2005,
Abstract: The study was aimed at determining the botanical diet composition of goats foraging in Acacia bush savanna rangeland in southeast Botswana. The dominant species in the study area were of the genus Acacia with an understory of mostly perennial grasses. Acacia were the dominant plant species consumed by goats. Certain perennial grasses also featured prominently in their diets, but only during the wet season. Preference ratings for the plants comprising diets of goats were positive for about 80% of the woody plants during the dry season and 50% during the wet season. Less than 30% of the grasses were selected for during the wet season while all were discriminated against in the dry season.
Carcass Characteristics and Meat Composition of Yearling Tswana Goats Fed Teminalia sericea, Boscia albitrunca Browses or Lurcene as Supplements
M.H.D. Mareko,A.A. Aganga,U.J. Omphile,M. Mokhudu
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances , 2012,
Abstract: Twenty five Tswana goats of 7 months of age were obtained from Botswana College of Agriculture farm. The goats were balanced out for weight (average weight; 20.1±0.1 kg) and sex (3 females and 2 males per set) and were randomly allocated to the treatments. They were individually housed and fed browses (Teminalia sericea and Boscia albitrunca) for 63 days, at two levels; high (800 g) and low (400 g), resulting in the following treatments; TS 800, TS 400, BA 800 and BA 400. The control group (C 800) was instead supplemented with lurcene at 800g daily. Grass hay (Cenchrus celiaris) and wheat bran were offered as a basal diet and as an energy source, respectively, to all the treatments. On day 63, feed was withdrawn overnight and the goats were transported to the Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) on the 64th day. Goats were processed according to the standard abattoir procedures and their carcasses were cut up into 5 primal cuts (rib, chuckblade, flank, leg and neck), which were thereafter weighed. Lean tissue, free from visible fat, was obtained from the right thigh part of the leg for chemical analyses. Dry Matter (DM), moisture, ash, Organic Matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP) and crude fat was done on the lean tissue. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan s multiple range tests were used to separate means. Final live weights ranged from 24.2 to 27.8kg, with C800 having significantly higher weights compared to all treatment groups. Dressing percentage ranged from 45.9 to 51.2% and TS400 had higher value (p<0.05) compared to BA400. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in primal cuts weights between the treatments. Meat moisture content showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between BA400 goats and other treatments. However when BA400 was compared with C800, no difference (p>0.05) was observed (77.94 vs 76.04%, respectively). Meat ash content for BA800 was found to be higher (p<0.05) than that of other treatments but similar (p>0.05) to that of C800. Meat dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fat averaged 24.00, 97.77, 71.06 and 6.90%, respectively, without any significant differences (p>0.05) observed between the groups. Meat mineral contents averaged 0.058, 0.133, 1.037, 0.833 and 0.224% for calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium, respectively and again no without significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between the groups. Goats supplemented on browses performed relatively like the lurcene supplemented goats though the browses are known to contain tannins. B. albitrunca and T. sericea can be successfully used by farmers as supplements during the dry seasons to raise goats for good quality meat.
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